Use of Case-Based Reasoning in the Domain of Building Regulations
نویسندگان
چکیده
ion hierarchies. Furthermore, since models are loosely connected in theabstraction hierarchies and inconsistency amongmodels is tolerated (to a limitedextent), new legal rules can be introduced more easily. Second, the representa-tional framework described in this paper, i.e. the abstraction hierarchies togetherwith the matching algorithm, has the following advantages:{ It allows the accessing mechanism to be more tolerant towards the represen-tation of the input case by bridging terminological gaps between models andcases.{ It provides an e cient indexing mechanism by focusing on a particular groupof models and pruning models unlikely to be relevant by using backgrounddomain knowledge before the similarity assessment begins. However, the useof background domain knowledge could be a drawback because it limits thegenerality of the system, and the system needs to provide extra facilities toacquire new background domain knowledge and to maintain consistency onthe domain knowledge base.{ There is no need to compare the input case with all cases in the case librarybut only to compare models in the abstraction hierarchies to nd out relevantlegal rules, as the number of cases in the case library increases well abovethe number of models in the model knowledge base.The system described in this paper does not make any decision on relaxationbut absolutely relies on the human expert's discretion. It might be possible toextend the system to give advice on relaxation in two ways. First, it might bepossible to project the input case to the argumentation structure of previoussimilar cases in order to predict the decision which the experts might make.A second possible approach is as follows. There is a set of factors related toeach subject area, for example, in the subject of re safety, there are severalfactors which usually are discussed such as: building type, occupant capacity,re loading, number of storeys, reghting access, alternative escape, etc. Itmight be possible to nd typical patterns of argumentation, expressed in termsof those factors, in each subject area. Once these patterns of argumentation areformulated, it might be possible to apply this pattern to the input case and topredict the decision which the human expert might make.6 AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank the Scottish O ce for allowing us to use appeal cases.Any views expressed in the paper about the building regulations are those of theauthors alone.References1. Branting, L.K.: Building Explanations from Rules and Structureed Cases. Inter-national journal of man-machine studies 34 (1991) 797{837. 2. Conklin, J., Begeman, M.L.: gIBIS: A Hypertext Tool for Exploratory Policy Dis-cussion. ACM Transactions on O ce Information Systems 6:4 (October 1988)303{331.3. Collins, A.M., Quillian, M.R.: How to make a language user. In Organisation ofMemory (1972). E. Tulving and W. Donaldson (Eds.). MIT Press.4. Gentner, D.: Structure Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy. CognitiveScience 7 (1983) 155{170.5. Holyoak, K.J., Thagard, P.: Analogical Mapping by Constraint Satisfaction. Cog-nitive Science 13 (1989) 295{355.6. Kunz, W., Rittel, H.W.: Issues as Elements of Information Systems (1970). Work-ing Paper. Center for Planning and Development Research, University of Califor-nia, Berkeley, CA, USA.7. Rissland, E.L.: Arti cial Intelligence and Law. The Yale Law Journal 99 (1990)1957{1981.8. Rissland, E.L., Skalak, D.B.: CABARET: Rule Interpretation in a Hybrid Archi-tecture. International journal of man-machine studies 34 (1991) 839{887.9. The Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations 1981 (1981). Scottish O ce.10. Sergot, M.: Representing Legislation As Logic Programs (1985). Tech. Report.Department of Computing, Imperial College of Science and Technology, UK.11. Sergot, M,, Sadri, F., Kowalski, R.A., Kriwaczek, F., Hammond, P., Cory, H.T.:The British Nationality Act as a Logic Program. Communications of the ACM29:5 (May 1986) 370{386.12. Stone, D.: Intelligent Information Systems for Building Standards. Proceedings ofEuropIA 88, Paris (1988).13. Susskind, R.: Expert Systems in Law (1987). Oxford University Press.14. Thagard, P., Holyoak, K.J.: Why Indexing is the Wrong Way to Think aboutAnalog Retrieval. Proceedings of DARPA Case-Based Reasoning Workshop (1989)36{40.15. Toulmin, S.: The uses of argument (1958). Cambridge University Press.16. Walker, R.F., Oskamp, A., Schrickx, J.A., Opdorp, G.J.V., Berg, P.H.V.D.: PRO-LEXS: Creating Law and Order in a Heterogeneous Domain. International journalof man-machine studies 35 (1991) 35{67.17. Waterman, D.A., Paul, J., Peterson, M.A.: Expert Systems for Legal DecisionMaking. Expert Systems 3:4 (1986) 212{226.18. Yang, S.-A., Robertson, D., Lee, J.: KICS: A Knowledge-Intensive Case-BasedReasoning System for Statutory Building Regulations and Case Histories. Pro-ceedings of the Fourth International Conference on AI and Law, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands (June 1993) 254{263.This article was processed using theLATEX macro package with LLNCS style
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